The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data. Tape stripping prior to patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens, and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. The comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients between 1997-2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. Keywords: Complications, morbidity, review, tattoos, tattoo‐related complications The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care, and Systems‐based practice. From the standpoint of frontline health‐care providers, effective recognition and management of TRCs require an open‐mind, high degree of clinical suspicion, and nonjudgmental approach to a mainstream phenomenon that is still considered by many to be a taboo. The authors’ intent was to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the topic while creating a rich repository of referenced knowledge for future investigations. This review is a result of a compilation of the best available clinical evidence across various groupings of TRCs. TRCs occur at both of these extremes, highlighting the need for better awareness and knowledge sharing regarding this heterogeneous group of morbidities. While some tattoo‐related complications (TRCs) may be nonspecific and challenging to diagnose, others present overtly and can be identified quickly by a well‐informed practitioner. ![]() ![]() As tattoos become more common, it is likely that practitioners will encounter adverse tattoo reactions with increasing frequency.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |